Morphological and genetic identification of yeasts from skin and oral infection in children in the Basrah province
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2025.2.17Keywords:
Candida, newborns, oral candidiasis, skin infectionAbstract
Introduction and aim. Human fungus infections are widespread and can lead to a variety of diseases in children. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify yeasts from various places in children, including skin (diaper area) and oral cavity, utilizing morphological and molecular approaches for precise categorization.
Material and methods. One hundred swabs were collected from children clinically diagnosed with fungal skin infections. The isolated yeast species were examined, purified, and morphologically. The sequences have been deposited in GenBank of Japan as new strains under accession numbers LC790886 to LC79098. including Candida albicans, Pichia kudriavzevii, Magnusiomces capitatus, Nakaseomyces glabratus, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Candida tropicalis, Meyerozyma guiliermonolii, Clavispora lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Trichosporon ashii. The isolates were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with chloramphenicol, and species identification was carried out using CHROMagar Candida medium and lactophenol cotton blue staining. Molecular identification was performed using PCR amplification of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region, followed by DNA sequencing.
Results. The presence of 10 yeast species, with C. albicans 56% representing the highest percentage of these, while the percentage of other yeasts was 44%. The Candida species was found to have the highest percentage of occurrence, 58% followed by the C. tropicalis species, 19%, which had a lower percentage of occurrence.
Conclusion. The phenotypical and genetic characteristics of yeast have been identified by the use of clinically isolated samples of children.
Downloads
References
Bhai N, Tendolkar U, Baradkar V, Mathur M, Kulkarni M. Pediatric oropharyngeal and cutaneous candidiasis with special reference to Candida dubliniensis. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63(4):518-521. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.060236-0
Taudorf EH, Jemec GBE, Hay RJ, Saunte DML. Cutaneous candidiasis - an evidence-based review of topical and systemic treatments to inform clinical practice. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2019;33(10):1863-1873. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15782
Shimoyama H, Sei Y. 2016 Epidemiological Survey of Dermatomycoses in Japan. Med Mycol J. 2019;60(3):75-82.
Öner Ü, Öner F, Cingi C, et al. Oral Candidiasis in Infants and Children. In: Cingi C, Arısoy ES, Bayar Muluk N. (eds) Pediatric ENT Infections. Springer, Cham 2022. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-80691-0_42
Bonifaz A, Rojas R, Tirado-Sánchez A, et al. Superficial mycoses associated with diaper dermatitis. Mycopathologia. 2016;181:671-679. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0020-9
Spampinato C, Leonardi D. Candida infections, causes, targets, and resistance mechanisms: traditional and alternative antifungal agents. BioMed Res Inter. 2013;2013:1-13.
Abdulhafedh HM, Al-Saadoon AH, Abu-Mejdad NM. Efficiency of Fungal β-carotene Against Some Causative Agents of Dermatomycoses. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health. 2023;15(2):167-175.
Al-Hilfy AAA, Abu-Mejdad, NMJA. Evaluate the activity antifungal of aspirin in mice balb/C infected with Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Science. 2014;5(3):1714-1728.
Sobel JD. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(1):15-21. doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.06.067
Wächtler B, Wilson D, Haedicke K, et al. From attachment to damage: defined genes of Candida albicans mediate adhesion, invasion and damage during interaction with oral epithelial cells. PloS One. 2011;6(2):1-14 .
Marty M, Bourrat E, Vaysse F, et al. Direct microscopy: a useful tool to diagnose oral candidiasis in children and adolescents. Mycopathologia. 2015;180:373-377.
Arenas R, and Torres E. Candidosis (candidiasis). Serrano; 2019.
García-Romero MT, Sánchez-Cardenas G, Carmona-Cruz SA, et al. Skin Fungal Infections in Children: Diagnostic Challenges. Curr Fungal Infec Rep. 2020;14:329-347. doi: 10.1007/s12281-020-00407-1
Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T. The yeast . A taxonomic study 4 th edition. Elsevier. San Diego, CA. 2011.
Mehta R, Anupama SW. Evaluation of HiCrome candida differential agar for species identification of Candida isolates from various clinical samples. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research. 2016;3(4):1219-1222.
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee SJWT, Taylor J. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. 1990;18(1):315-322. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Mirhendi H, Makimura K, Khoramizadeh M, Yamaguchi HA. One-enzyme PCR-RFLP assay for identification of six medically important Candida species. Nihon Ishi Gakkai Zas. 2006;47(3):225-229.
Hamid ME, Assiry MM, Joseph MR, et al. Candida and other yeasts of clinical importance in Aseer region, southern Saudi Arabia: presentation of isolates from the routine laboratory setting. Saudi Med J. 2014;35(10):1210-1214 . doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0020-9
Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An update on Candida tropicalis based on basic and clinical approaches. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1-25.
Mendoza-Reyes DF, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Candida lusitaniae: Biology, pathogenicity, virulence factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Infect Drug Resist. 2022: 5121-5135. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S383
Cooper Jr CR. Yeasts pathogenic to humans. In the yeasts. Elsevier, 2011;9-19.
Al Bshabshe A, Joseph MR, Battayah ES, Hamid ME. Fungal peritonitis caused by Pichia kudriavzevii following sleeve gastrectomy. Ann Saudi Med. 2019;39(3):205-208. doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2019.205
Subramanian A, Abraham G, Honnavar P. Trichosporon asahii infection associated with glomerulonephritis in a diabetic patient. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2022;35:15-17. doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.12.001
Alobaid K, Abdullah AA, Ahmad S, et al. Magnusiomyces capitatus fungemia: The value of direct microscopy in early diagnosis. Med Mycol Case Rep. 2019;25:32-34.
Laffey SF, Butler G. Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis. Microbiol. 2005;151(4): 1073-1081. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.27739-0
Lastauskienė E, Čeputytė J, Girkontaitė I, Zinkevičienė A. Phenotypic switching of Candida guilliermondii is associated with pseudohyphae formation and antifungal resistance. Mycopathol. 2015;179:205-211. doi: 10.1007/s11046-014-9844-3
Samaddar A, Sharma A. Emergomycosis, an emerging systemic mycosis in immunocompromised patients: Current trends and future prospects. Front Med. 2021;8:670731. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.670731
Fonseca GG, Heinzle E, Wittmann C, Gombert AK. The yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and its biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;79:339-354. doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1458-6
Mehlomakulu NN, Setati ME, Divol B. Characterization of novel killer toxins secreted by wine-related non-Saccharomyces yeasts and their action on Brettanomyces spp. Int J Food Microbiol. 2014;188:83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.07.01
Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, et al. Candida albicans-the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. J Fungi. 2021;7(2):1-19.
Yamamura DL, Rotstein C, Nicolle LE, Ioannou S. Candidemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992-1994. Cmaj. 1999;160(4):493-499.
Linder N, Levit O, Klinger G, Kogan I, et al. Risk factors associated with candidaemia in the neonatal intensive care unit: a case–control study. J Hosp Infect. 2004;57(4):321-324.
Canadian Paediatric Society. Antifungal agents for common paediatric infections. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2008;19(1):15-18.
Dos Santos MM, Ishida K. We need to talk about Candida tropicalis: Virulence factors and survival mechanisms. Med Mycol. 2023;61(8):1-14. doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myad075
Megri Y, Arastehfar A, Boekhout T, et al. Candida tropicalis is the most prevalent yeast species causing candidemia in Algeria: the urgent need for antifungal stewardship and infection control measures. Antimicrob Resist & Infect Control. 2020;9:1-10. doi:10.1186/s13756-020-00710-z
Guarro J, Gené J, Stchigel AM. Developments in fungal taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999;12(3):454-500. doi.org/10.1128/cmr.12.3.454
Hurst CJ. The Rasputin effect: when commensals and symbionts become parasitic. Springer; 2016.
Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, et al. MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol. 2013;30(12):2725-2729. doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst197
Nagarathnamma, T, Chunchanur SK, Rudramurthy SM, et al. Outbreak of Pichia kudriavzevii fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(12):1759-1764. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000645
Aslani N, Janbabaei G, Abastabar M, et al. Identification of uncommon oral yeasts from cancer patients by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:1-11. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2916-5
Kruschewsky WLL, Massaroni-Peçanha P, Maifrede SB, et al. Trichosporon asahii causing subcutaneous mycoses in an immunocompetent patient: case report and a minireview. Braz J Microbiol. 2022;53(3):1221-1229. doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00737-x
Cho O, Matsukura M, Sugita T. Molecular evidence that the opportunistic fungal pathogen Trichosporon asahii is part of the normal fungal microbiota of the human gut based on rRNA genotyping. Inter J Infect Dis. 2015;39:87-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.009
Wang N, Tang JY, Wang Z, et al. Trichosporon asahii Infection in an Extremely Preterm Infant in China. Infect Drug Resist. 2022:6495-6499. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S385086
Ortiz-Álvarez J, Reséndiz-Sánchez J, Juárez-Montiel M, et al. Invasive Fungal Infection Caused by Magnusiomyces capitatus in an Immunocompromised Pediatric Patient with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Mexico City: A Case Report. J Fungi. 2022;8(8):851-857. doi: 10.3390/jof8080851
Clark TA, Slavinski SA, Morgan J, et al. Epidemiologic and molecular characterization of an outbreak of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infections in a community hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(10):4468-4472. doi: 10.1128/jcm.42.10.4468-4472.2004
Clerihew L, Lamagni TL, Brocklehurst P, McGuire W. Candida parapsilosis infection in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92(2):127-129. doi: 10.1136/fnn.2006.097758
Ghasemi R, Lotfali E, Rezaei K, et al. M eyerozyma guilliermondii species complex: review of current epidemiology, antifungal resistance, and mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol. 2022;53(4):1761-1779. doi: 10.1007/s42770-022-00813-2
Turner SA, Butler G. The Candida pathogenic species complex. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2014;4(9):1-18. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019778
Seth-Smith HMB, Büchler AC, Hinic V, et al. Bloodstream infection with Candida kefyr/Kluyveromyces marxianus: case report and draft genome. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(4):522-524. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.11.014
Lappe-Oliveras P, Avitia M, Sánchez-Robledo SD, et al. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Kluyveromyces marxianus Isolates Obtained from the Elaboration Process of Two Traditional Mexican Alcoholic Beverages Derived from Agave: Pulque and Henequen (Agave fourcroydes)
Mezcal. J Fungi. 2023; 9(8):1-19. doi: 10.3390/jof9080795 Rashak SJ, Abd Burghal A, AL-Maqtoofi MY. Genetic Identification of Yeast Isolated From Diabetic Patients In Basra Governorate, Iraq. Pak J Life Soc Sci. 2024;22(1):3874-3884. doi: 10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.1.00284
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access policy is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition: this means that articles have free availability on the public Internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from having access to the Internet itself.
All articles are published with free open access under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). If you submit your paper for publication by the Eur J Clin Exp Med, you agree to have the CC-BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you, as the author, agree that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that Eur J Clin Exp Med content can be mined without barriers for the research needs.
