Breast hypertrophy, forward head posture, neck and shoulder pain-related disabilities and selected anthropometrics variables of female undergraduate students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2022.1.13Keywords:
breast hypertrophy, craniovertebral angle, neck pain, shoulder painAbstract
Introduction and aim. Large breast sizes frequently contribute to women presenting with severe pain symptoms. This study determined the association between breast hypertrophy, forward head posture (FHP), neck and shoulder pain related disabilities and selected anthropometric variables of female undergraduate students of College of Medicine, University of Lagos.
Material and methods. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 89 female undergraduate students (mean age = 21.45±1.29 years) with breast hypertrophy (cup size D and above). Breast cup sizes, neck and shoulder pain related disabilities, forward head posture were measured using a measuring tape, neck pain disability scale, shoulder pain disability index and craniovertebral angle (CVA) using photography method.
Results. The prevalence of forward head posture among the participants was 43(48.3%). Twenty-eight (31.3%) participants had a “DD” cup size, twenty-six (29.2%) participants had a “DDD” cup size. Sixty-five (73%) of the participants had neck pain related disabilities and 10 (11.2%) of the participants had shoulder pain related disabilities. There was association among weight, forward head posture (p=0.027) and breast hypertrophy (p=0.016).
Conclusion. Neck, shoulder pain related disabilities, and forward head posture is prevalent among undergraduates with breast hypertrophy and weight has an influence on forward posture and breast hypertrophy.
Downloads
References
Greenbaum AR, Heslop T, Morris J, Dunn KW. An investigation of the suitability of bra fit in women referred for reduction mammaplasty. Br J Plast Surg. 2003;56:230-236.
Gefen A, Dilmoney B. Mechanics of the normal woman’s breast. Technol Health Care. 2007;15:259-271.
Avsar DK, Avgit AC, Benlier E, Top H, Taskinalp O. Anthropometric breast measurement: a study of 385 Turkish female students. Aesthet Surg J. 2010;30:44-50.
Scheurnhammer ES, Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, et al. Body shape throughout life and correlations with IGFs and GH. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007;14:721-732.
Findikcioglu K, Findikcioglu F, Bulam H, Sezgin B, Ozmen S. The impact of breast reduction surgery on the vertebral column. Ann Plast Surg. 2013;70:639-642.
Fejer R, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):834-848.
Palacios-Ceña D, Alonso-Blanco C, Hernández-Barrera V, Carrasco-Garrido P, Jiménez-García, R, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Prevalence of neck and low back pain in community-dwelling adults in Spain: an updated population-based national study (2009/10–2011/12). Eur Spine J. 2014;24(3): 482-492.
Akodu AK, Odunsi FA, Giwa SO. Effects of Neck Stabilization Exercise on Pain, Disability, Craniovertebral Angle and Psychological Status in Patient with Non-Specific Chronic Neck Pain. JRCRS. 2018;6(1):10-15.
Guzman J, Hurwitz EL, Carroll LJ, et al. A new conceptual model of neck pain. Linking onset, course, and care: the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine. 2008;33(4S):14-23.
Ariens GA, Van-Mechelen W, Bongers P, Bouter LM, VanderWal G. Psychosocial risk factors for neck pain: a systematic review. Am J Ind Med. 2001;39:180-193.
Linsell L, Dawson J, Zondervan K, et al. Prevalence and incidence of adults consulting for shoulder conditions in UK primary care; patterns of diagnosis and referral. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:215-221.
Luime J, Koes B, Hendriksen I, et al. Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population; a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(2):73-81.
Nakamura M, Toyama Y, Nishiwaki Y, Ushida, T. Prevalence and characteristics of chronic musculoskeletal pain in Japan. J Orthoped Sci. 2011;16(4):424-432.
Tenna S, Brunetti B, Trivelli M, Salvinelli F, Persichetti P. Postural Variations after Breast Reduction Introduction of a New Technique to Achieve an Objective Analysis. Ann Plast Surg. 2011;68:261-264.
McEvoy MP, Grimmer K. Reliability of upright posture measurements in primary school children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:35.
Silva AG, Punt TD, Sharples P, Vilas-Boas JP, Johnson MI. Head posture and neck pain of chronic non-traumatic origin: a comparison between patients and pain-free persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:669-674.
Lynch SS, Thigpen C A, Mihalik JP, Prentice WE, Padua D. The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder pos¬tures in elite swimmers. Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44(5):376-381.
Fares J, Fares Y, Fares M. Musculoskeletal neck pain in children and adolescents: risk factors and com¬plications. Surg Neurol Int. 2017;8(1):72.
Yip CHT, Chiu TTW, Poon ATK. The relationship between head posture and severity and disability of patients with neck pain. Man Ther. 2008;13(2):148-154.
Akodu A, Akinfeleye A, Atanda A. Work related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity with reference to working posture of secretaries. S Afr J Physiother. 2015;45(3):16-22.
Chiu TTW, Ku WY, Lee MH, et al. A study on the prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain among university academic staff in Hong Kong. J Occup Ther. 2002;12(2):77-91.
Griegel-Morris P, Larson K, Mueller-Klaus K, Oatis CA. Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy participants. Phys Ther. 1992;72:425-431.
Lau KT, Cheung KY, Chan KB, Chan MH, Lo KY, Chiu TTW. Relationships between sagittal postures of thoracic and cervical spine, presence of neck pain, neck pain severity and disability. Man Ther. 2010;15:457-462.
Hanten WP, Olson Sl, Russell JL, Lucio RM, Cambel AH. Total head excursion and resting head posture: normal and patients’ comparisons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81:62-66.
Cochrane Cochran WG. Sampling technique. 1977; 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons.
Niddam J, Lange F, Meningaud J, Bosc R. Complexity of bra measurement system: implications in plastic surgery. Eur J Plast Surg. 2014;37(11):631-632.
Scherer M, Blozik E, Himmel W, Laptinskaya D, Kochen MM, Herrmann-Lingen C. Psychometric properties of a German version of the neck pain and disability scale. Spine. 2008;17:922-929.
Blozik E, Himmel W, Kochen MM, Herrmann-Lingen C, Scherer M. Sensitivity to change of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Spine. 2011;20:882-889.
Jorritsma W, DeVries GE, Dijkstra PU, Dijkstra PU, Reneman MF. Neck Pain and Disability Scale and Neck Disability Index: reproducibility of Dutch language versions. Eur Spine J. 2010;19(10): 1695-1701.
Roach KE, Budiman-Mak E, Songrsiridej N, Lertratanakul Y. Development of a shoulder pain disability index. AHPA. 1991;4:143-149.
Tveitå EK, Ekeberg OM, Juel NG, Bautz-Holter E. Responsiveness of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index in patients with adhesive capsulitis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:161.
Bot S, Terwee C, Vanderwindt D, Bouter L, Dekker J, De-Vet H. Clinimetric evaluation of shoulder disability questionnaires. A systematic review of the literature. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(4):335-341.
Sutantar S, Kavita K, Smriti J. Prevalence of forward head posture and its impact on the activity of daily living among students of Adesh University – A cross-sectional study. AUJMSR. 2020;2:1-4.
Mamania J, Anap D. Prevalence of Forward Head Posture amongst Physiotherapy Students: A Cross-sectional Study. IJHSR 2019;1(4):125-127.
Abrish HA, Aslam M, Ashraf T, Arshad NM. Evaluation of the Forward Head Posture, its association with Neck Pain & Quality of life of Female DPT Students. JRCRS. 2016;4(2):59-64.
Gharib NM, Hamid NS. Prevalence of Mechanical Neck Pain in Taif University Female Students: A Survey Study. J Am Sci. 2013;9:347-354.
Chan LLY, Wong AYL, Wang MH, Cheung K, Samartzis D. The prevalence of neck pain and associated risk factors among undergraduate students: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Int J Ind Ergon. 2020;76,102934.
Fahad T, Sana S. Prevalence of Neck Pain among Doctor of Physical therapy Students of University of Lahore due to bad posture. Rawal Med J. 2017;42:172-175.
Martínez-Merinero P, Susana N, Alexander A, Fernandez-Matias R, Pecos-Martin D, Gallego-Izquierdo T. Relationship between Forward Head Posture and Tissue Mechanosensitivity: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med. 2020;9:634.
Mahmoud NF, Hassan KA, Abdelmajeed SF, Moustafa IM, Silva AG. The Relationship between Forward Head Posture and Neck Pain: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019;12(4):562-577.
Raoofi Z, Sarrafzadeh J, Emrani A, Ghorbanpour A. Relationship between Forward Head Posture and Neck Pain as Well as Disability. J Clin Physiother Res. 2019;4(1):26-30.
Dundas K, Atyeo J, Cox J. What is a large breast? Measuring and categorizing breast size for tangential breast radiation therapy. Australas Radiol. 2007;51(6):589–593.
Odebiyi DO, Aweto HA, Gbadebo OA, et al. Association between bra use and pectoral girdle myalgia in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. AJM. 2015;9(4):181-188.
Szeto GP, Straker L, Raine S. A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. Appl Ergon. 2002;33:75-84.
Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:414-420.
Myint Oo, Zhuo W, Toshihiko S, Yuichi K. Relationship between Brassiere Cup Size and Shoulder-Neck Pain in Women. Open J Orthop. 2012;6(1):140-142.
Coltman CE, Steele JR, McGhee DE. Can breast characteristics predict upper torso musculoskeletal pain? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2018;53:46–53.
Nemmers TM, Miller JW, Hartman MD. Variability of the Forward Head Posture in Healthy Community-dwelling Older Women. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32(1):10-14.
Kocur P, Tomczak M, Wiernicka M, Goliwąs M, Lewandowski J, Łochyński D. Relationship between age, BMI, head posture and superficial neck muscle stiffness and elasticity in adult women. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8515.
Brown N, White J, Milligan A, et al. The Relationship between Breast Size and Anthropometric Characteristics. Am J Hum Biol. 2012;24(2):158-164.
Coltman CE, Steele JR, McGhee DE. Breast volume is affected by body mass index but not age. Ergonomics. 2017;60:1576-1585.
Steele JR, Coltman CE, McGhee DE. Effects of obesity on breast size, thoracic spine structure and function, upper torso musculoskeletal pain and physical activity in women. J Sport Health Sci. 2019;00:1-9.
Shagaye S, Fard B, Ahmadi A, Maroufi N, Sarrafzadeh J. Evaluation of forward head posture in sitting and standing positions. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(11):3577–3582.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access policy is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition: this means that articles have free availability on the public Internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from having access to the Internet itself.
All articles are published with free open access under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). If you submit your paper for publication by the Eur J Clin Exp Med, you agree to have the CC-BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you, as the author, agree that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that Eur J Clin Exp Med content can be mined without barriers for the research needs.
