The effects of mother’s voice and white noise on APGAR scores of newborns and attachment processes – a randomized controlled trial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2022.2.6Keywords:
APGAR score, attachment, breastfeeding, newborn, white noiseAbstract
Introduction and aim. The present study aims to determine the effects of mother’s voice and white noise on newborns’ APGAR scores and attachment processes.
Material and methods. The current study was a randomized controlled trial and concluded with 87 newborns and their mothers who had given elective cesarean section (mother voice=29; white noise=28; and control group=30). The mother voice and white noise groups were exposed to recordings, and the broadcast continued for five minutes. The APGAR scores and attachment indicators of newborns (eye contact, rooting, and latch-on) of all groups were examined by the Newborn Attachment Indicators Observation Form.
Results. The 1st and 5th minute APGAR scores in control group were lower than mother voice (1st p=0.05; 5th p=0.001) and white noise (1st p=0.015; 5th p=0.002) groups. The rooting ratio was higher in mother voice and white noise than in the control group (p=0.004). The newborns in the control group had lower latching on rates than mother voice and white noise (p=0.002) groups. Both mother voice and white noise positively affected APGAR scores, rooting, and latching. However, only mother voice had a positive effect on all attachment indicators.
Conclusion. Mother voice and white noise listened to by the newborns born with a cesarean section right after birth in their early-period care positively affect APGAR scores; furthermore, mother voice positively affects attachment indicators as first successful sucking time and eye-to-eye contact.
Downloads
References
Widström AM, Brimdyr K, Svensson K, Cadwell K, Nissen E. Skin-to-skin contact the first hour after birth, underlying implications and clinical practice. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(7):1192-1204. doi:10.1111/apa.14754
Phuma-Ngaiyaye E, Welcome Kalembo F. Supporting mothers to bond with their newborn babies: Strategies used in a neonatal intensive care unit at a tertiary hospital in Malawi. Int J Nurs Sci. 2016;3(4):362-366. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2016.10.001
Zaichkin J, Fraser D. The Healthy Newborn. In: Evans RJ, Brown YM, Evans MK, eds. Canadian Maternity, Newborn & Women’s Health Nursing. 2st ed. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins; 2014.
Mutlu C, Yorbik O, Tanju I, Celikel F, Sezer R. Association of prenatal, natal, and postnatal factors with maternal attachment. Anatol J Psychiatry. 2015;16(6):440. doi:10.5455/apd.172669
Cetisli NE, Arkan G, Top ED. Maternal attachment and breastfeeding behaviors according to type of delivery in the immediate postpartum period. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2018;64(2):164-169. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.64.02.164
Sak S, Peker N, Uyanıkoğlu H, Binici O, İncebıyık A, Sak ME. Which should be performed; General or spinal anesthesia in elective cesarean section? Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bül. 2018;49(1). doi:10.16948/zktipb.348924
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1982;52(4):664-678. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
Webb AR, Heller HT, Benson CB, Lahav A. Mother’s voice and heartbeat sounds elicit auditory plasticity in the human brain before full gestation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(10):3152-3157. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414924112
Persico G, Antolini L, Vergani P, Costantini W, Nardi MT, Bellotti L. Maternal singing of lullabies during pregnancy and after birth: Effects on mother–infant bonding and on newborns’ behaviour. Concurrent Cohort Study. Women Birth. 2017;30(4):e214-e220. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2017.01.007
Provenzi L, Broso S, Montirosso R. Do mothers sound good? A systematic review of the effects of maternal voice exposure on preterm infants’ development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;88:42-50. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.009
Karakoç A, Türker F. Effects of white noise and holding on pain perception in newborns. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(4):864-870. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2014.01.002
Kucukoglu S, Aytekin A, Celebioglu A, Celebi A, Caner I, Maden R. Effect of white noise in relieving vaccination pain in premature infants. Pain Manag Nurs. 2016;17(6):392-400. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2016.08.006
Filippa M, Panza C, Ferrari F, et al. Systematic review of maternal voice interventions demonstrates increased stability in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(8):1220-1229. doi:10.1111/apa.13832
Lee H, White-Traut R. Physiologic responses of preterm infants to the male and female voice in the NICU. J Pediatr Nurs. 2014;29(1):e3-5. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2013.04.007
Sajjadian N, Mohammadzadeh M, Alizadeh Taheri P, Shariat M. Positive effects of low intensity recorded maternal voice on physiologic reactions in premature infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2017;46:59-66. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2016.11.009
Karakoc A, Turker F. Effects of white noise and holding on pain perception in newborns. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(4):864-870.
Robiquet P, Zamiara PE, Rakza T, et al. Observation of skin-to-skin contact and analysis of factors linked to failure to breastfeed within 2 hours after birth. Breastfeed Med. 2016;11(3):126-132. doi:10.1089/bfm.2015.0160
Maddahi MS, Dolatian M, Khoramabadi M, Talebi A. Correlation of maternal-fetal attachment and health practices during pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. Electron Physician. 2016;8(7):2639-2644. doi:10.19082/2639
Nishikawa M, Sakakibara H. Effect of nursing intervention program using abdominal palpation of Leopold’s maneuvers on maternal-fetal attachment. Reprod Health. 2013;10(1):12. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-10-12
Korver AMH, Smith RJH, Van Camp G, et al. Congenital hearing loss. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2017;3. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.94
Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Anesth Analg. 1953;32(4):250-259. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829bdc5c
Perrelli JGA, Zambaldi CF, Cantilino A, Sougey EB. Mother-child bonding assessment tools. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2014;32(3):257-265. doi:10.1590/0103-0582201432318
Als H. The Newborn Communicates. J Commun. 1977;27(2):66-73. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1977.tb01828.x
Essa RM, Abdel Aziz Ismail NI. Effect of early maternal/newborn skin-to-skin contact after birth on the duration of third stage of labor and initiation of breastfeeding. J Nurs Educ Pract. 2015;5(4):98. doi:10.5430/jnep.v5n4p98
Akca K, Aytekin A. Effect of soothing noise on sucking success of newborns. Breastfeed Med Off J Acad Breastfeed Med. 2014;9(10):538-542. doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.0131
Parra J, de Suremain A, Berne Audeoud F, Ego A, Debillon T. Sound levels in a neonatal intensive care unit significantly exceeded recommendations, especially inside incubators. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(12):1909-1914. doi:10.1111/apa.13906
Oygür N, Önal E, Zenciroğlu A. Delivery Room Management Guide. Turkish Neonatal Society; 2016. http://neonatology.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/dogum_odasi_yonetimi.pdf Accessed: 2021-01-21
França EC, Sousa CB, Aragão LC, Costa LR. Electromyographic analysis of masseter muscle in newborns during suction in breast, bottle or cup feeding. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):154. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-154
Korotchikova I, Stevenson NJ, Livingstone V, Ryan CA, Boylan GB. Sleep–wake cycle of the healthy term newborn infant in the immediate postnatal period. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(4):2095-2101. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.12.015
Filippa M, Devouche E, Arioni C, Imberty M, Gratier M. Live maternal speech and singing have beneficial effects on hospitalized preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(10):1017-1020. doi:10.1111/apa.12356
Noori S, Seri I. Evidence-based versus pathophysiology-based approach to diagnosis and treatment of neonatal cardiovascular compromise. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2015;20(4):238-245. doi:10.1016/j.siny.2015.03.005
Kuguoglu S, Yildiz H, Kurtuncu Tanir M, Demirbag BC. Breastfeeding after a cesarean delivery. In: Salim R, ed. Cesarean Delivery. BoD – Books on Demand; 2012:121-160.
WHO. Caesarean section rates continue to rise, amid growing inequalities in access. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/16-06-2021-caesarean-section-rates-continue-to-rise-amid-growing-inequalities-in-access-who. Published 2021. Accessed June 19, 2021.
Alus Tokat M, Serçekuş P, Yenal K, Okumuş H. Early postpartum breast-feeding outcomes and breast-feeding self-efficacy in Turkish mothers undergoing vaginal birth or cesarean birth with different types of anesthesia. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2015;26(2):73-79. doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12037
Hobbs AJ, Mannion CA, McDonald SW, Brockway M, Tough SC. The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):90. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0876-1
Gibbs BG, Forste R, Lybbert E. Breastfeeding, parenting, and infant attachment behaviors. Matern Child Health J. 2018;22(4):579-588. doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2427-z
Tilokskulchai F, Phatthanasiriwethin S, Vichitsukon K, Serisathien Y. Attachment behaviors in mothers of premature infants: a descriptive study in Thai mothers. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2002;16(3):69-83. doi:10.1097/00005237-200212000-00008
Lagercrantz H, Changeux JP. The emergence of human consciousness: From fetal to neonatal life. Pediatr Res. 2009;65(3):255-260. doi:10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181973b0d
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access policy is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition: this means that articles have free availability on the public Internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from having access to the Internet itself.
All articles are published with free open access under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). If you submit your paper for publication by the Eur J Clin Exp Med, you agree to have the CC-BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you, as the author, agree that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that Eur J Clin Exp Med content can be mined without barriers for the research needs.
