Anxiety states and knowledge of COVID-19 among pregnant women during the pandemic in Turkey – a cross-sectional study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2021.1.2Keywords:
anxiety, knowledge, pandemic, pregnancyAbstract
Introduction. Infectious outbreaks have negative effects not only on the physical health of the society but also on the mental health.
Aim. To evaluate the anxiety states and knowledge of COVID-19 during the pandemic in pregnant women.
Material and methods. Cross-sectional study conducted in a university hospital in Turkey. A total of 199 pregnant women were included in the study. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), two questionnaires to evaluate the knowledge about COVID-19, and COVID-19-related anxiety were applied to all the women.
Results. The highest level of COVID-19-related anxieties were about their spouses or newborns contracting COVID-19, effects of drugs on fetus and contracting COVID-19 during delivery. There was a negative correlation between gestational week and the questionnaire of COVID-19-related anxieties (r=-0.152, p=0.037). STAI total score was 76.48±14.11, and STAI-T scores (42.39±7.66) were higher than STAI-S scores (34.09±8.77). Although their general knowledge about the disease was relatively good, their level of knowledge on issues that pertained specifically to pregnancy was low.
Conclusion. These findings indicated more than four months had passed since the pandemic came to the country but, pregnant women were very worried and did not have enough information about the disease.
Downloads
References
Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization (WHO) site. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1199-1207.
Thompson D, Jungk J, Hancock E, et al. Risk factors for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1)–related hospitalization and death among racial/ethnic groups in New Mexico. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(9):1776-1784.
Jamieson DJ, Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA. Emerging infections and pregnancy. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(11):1638-1643.
Freeman DW, Barno A. Deaths from Asian influenza associated with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1959;78:1172-1175.
Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Simonsen L, Griffin MR. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(11):1094102.
Hardy JM, Azarowicz EN, ManniniA, Medearis Jr DN, Cooke RE. The effect of Asian influenza on the outcome of pregnancy, Baltimore, 1957-1958. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1961;51(8):1182-1188.
Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (HKCOG). HKCOG guidelines: guidelines on management of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in pregnancy. The Hong Kong College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2003.http://www.hkcog.org.hk/hkcog/Download/Guidelines_on_SARS_in_pregnancy_2003.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Elshafeey F, Magdi R, Hindi N, et al. A systematic scoping review of COVID‐19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020;150(1):47-52.
Wu KK, Chan SK, Ma TM. Posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(1):39-42.
Lee DT, Sahota D, Leung TN, et al. Psychological responses of pregnant women to an infectious outbreak: a case-control study of the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong. J Psychosom Res. 2006;61(5):707-713.
Ng J, Sham A, Tang PL, FungS. SARS: pregnant women's fears and perceptions. Br J Midwifery. 2004:12(11):698-702.
Lebel C, MacKinnon A, Bagshawe M, Tomfohr-Madsen L, Giesbrecht G. Elevated depression and anxiety among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:5-13.
Güler O, Hatırnaz Ş. Comparison of the levels of antenatal anxiety in pregnant women admitted for delivery before and after COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey. Perinatal Journal/Perinatoloji Dergisi. 2020;28(2):108-112.
Ravaldi C, Wilson A, RiccaV, Homer C, Vannacci A. Pregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Women Birth. 2020;1871-5192(20):30280-30288.
Lee TY, Zhong Y, Zhou J, He X, KongR, Ji J. The outbreak of coronavirus disease in China: Risk perceptions, knowledge, and information sources among prenatal and postnatal women. Women Birth. 2020;1871-5192(20):30249-30253.
Nanjundaswamy MH, Shiva L, Desai G, et al. COVID-19-related anxiety and concerns expressed by pregnant and postpartum women—a survey among obstetricians. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;1-4.
Cheng C. To be paranoid is the standard? Panic responses to SARS outbreak in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Asian Perspective. 2004;28(1):67-98.
Choi JS, Kim JS. Factors influencing preventive behavior against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus among nursing students in South Korea. Nurse Educ Today. 2016;40:168-172.
Brug J, Aro AR, Oenema A, De Zwart O, Richardus JH, Bishop GD. SARS risk perception, knowledge, precautions, and information sources, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(8):1486.
Anikwe CC, Ogah CO, Anikwe IH, Okorochukwu BC, Ikeoha CC. Coronavirus disease 2019: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, southeast Nigeria. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020;151:197–202.
Yassa M, Birol P, Yirmibes C, et al. (2020). Near-term pregnant women’s attitude toward, concern about and knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2020;33(22):3827-3834.
Eskici L, Demir Akça AS, Atasoy N, Arıkan İ,Harma M. Gebelerde Depresyon ve Anksiyete Bozukluğunun Obstetrik Sonuçları ve Yenidoğan Üzerine Etkileri. Anatol J Clin Investig. 2012;6(1):10-16.
Van den Bergh BR, Mulder EJ, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci & Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(2):237-258.
Spielberger CD, Gorush RL, Lushene RE. STAI manual for the statetrait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto (Calif)7, Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
Dashraath P, Jeslyn WJL, Karen LMX, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(6):521-531.
Mappa I, Distefano FA, Rizzo G. Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med. 2020;48:545-550.
Kochhar DM, Penner JD, Knudsen TB. Embryotoxic, teratogenic, and metabolic effects of ribavirin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1980;52(1):99-112.
Mulangu S, Dodd LE, Davey Jr RT, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(24):2293-2303.
Tookey PA, Thorne C, van Wyk J, Norton M. Maternal and foetal outcomes among 4118 women with HIV infection treated with lopinavir/ritonavir during pregnancy: analysis of population-based surveillance data from the national study of HIV in pregnancy and childhood in the United Kingdom and Ireland. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;16(1):65.
Favilli A, MatteiGentili M, Raspa F, et al. Effectiveness and safety of available treatments for COVID-19 during pregnancy: a critical review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020;1-14.
Lau JT, Yang X, Pang E, et al. SARS-related perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(3):417-424.
Gildner TE, Thayer ZM. Birth plan alterations among American women in response to COVID‐19. Health Expec. 2020; 23(4):969-971.
Taubman–Ben-Ari O, Chasson M, Abu Sharkia S, Weiss E. Distress and anxiety associated with COVID-19 among Jewish and Arab pregnant women in Israel. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2020;38(3):340-348.
Dagklis T, Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A, Papazisis G. Anxiety During Pregnancy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2020;75(10):611-623.
Liu X, Chen M, Wang, Y, et al. Prenatal anxiety and obstetric decisions among pregnant women in Wuhan and Chongqing during the COVID‐19 outbreak: a cross‐sectional study. BJOG: Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2020; 127(10):1229-1240.
Wilcox AJ, Skjaerven R. Birth weight and perinatal mortality: the effect of gestational age. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(3):378-382.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization site. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Azlan AA, Hamzah MR, Sern TJ, Ayub SH, Mohamad E. Public knowledge, attitudes and practices towards COVID-19: A cross-sectional study in Malaysia. Plos One. 202015(5):e0233668.
Updated WHO recommendations for international traffic in relation to COVID-19 outbreak. World Health Organization site. https://www.who.int/news-room/articles-detail/updated-who-recommendations-for-international-traffic-in-relation-to-covid-19-outbreak/. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Everyone Coming From Abroad Should Follow the 14-Day Rule. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/EN,64511/quoteveryone-coming-from-abroad-should-follow-the-14-day-rulequot.html. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Chen H, Guo J, Wang, C, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):809-815.
Di Mascio D, Saccone G, Sen C, et al. WAPM (The World Association of Perinatal Medicine) working group on COVID‐19. Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Pregnant Women with SARS‐COV‐2 infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020; doi: 10.1002/uog.23107.
Karavadra B, Stockl A, Prosser-Snelling E, Simpson P, Morris E. Women’s perceptions of COVID-19 and their healthcare experiences: a qualitative thematic analysis of a national survey of pregnant women in the United Kingdom. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020; 20(1):1-8.
Lubbe W, Botha E, Niela-Vilen H, Reimers P. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic–a literature review for clinical practice. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15(1):1-9.
Genel Koronavirüs Tablosu. T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Gün Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Bu Gece Saat 24.00 İtibarıyla Sona Eriyor. T.C İçişleri Bakanlığı. https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/2-gunluk-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-bu-gece-saat-2400-itibariyla-sona-eriyor. Accessed December 4, 2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access policy is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition: this means that articles have free availability on the public Internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from having access to the Internet itself.
All articles are published with free open access under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). If you submit your paper for publication by the Eur J Clin Exp Med, you agree to have the CC-BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you, as the author, agree that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that Eur J Clin Exp Med content can be mined without barriers for the research needs.
