Salivary microbial diversity – an investigation on possible biomarkers for polycystic ovarian syndrome from eastern India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/ejcem.2023.4.12Keywords:
diagnostic biomarker, PCOS, reproductive health, salivary microbiome, well-beingAbstract
Introduction and aim. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the major reproductive health issues, thought to be multifactorial, needs serious attention as a dual burden (health and economic) mainly for developing countries like India, due to its rapid rise (30%) in the last couple of years. Therefore, widespread and liberal screening for this disorder towards prognosis, diagnosis and intervention seems to be an urgent area of research. In this background, the present study attempts to unravel the association of salivary microbial diversity and PCOS.
Material and methods. To achieve the purpose 100 clinically diagnosed PCOS individuals and 110 age matched non-PCOS participants from Bengalee Hindu caste population, West Bengal, India was considered. Obtained salivary samples were identified with 16S rDNA amplification and microbial diversity were determined by Alu I restriction enzyme digestion.
Results. The present study revealed an explicit pattern of DNA fragment lengths varied between 200 bp and 225 bp in PCOs in comparison to the non-PCOS group.
Conclusion. The cardinal feature of the present study as the first attempt from India envisaged, utilization of salivary microbial diversity as an additional potential and economizing biomarker for PCOS that stimulate new horizon of research in 21st century’s anthropology – the anthropology of microbes.
Downloads
References
Bharathi RV, Swetha S, Neerajaa J, et al. Effect of predisposing factors for PCOS in Indian urban and rural population. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2017;22(4):313-316. doi: 10.1016/j.mefs.2017.05.007
Moran LJ, Ranasinha S, Zoungas S, McNaughton SA, Brown WJ, Teede HJ. The contribution of diet, physical activity and sedentary behavior to body mass index in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(8):2276-2283. doi: 10.1093/humrep/det256
Vilmann S, Thisted VE, Baker JL, Holm J. Development of Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents. Res Paediatr. 2012;78:269-278. doi: 10.1159/000345310
Casarini L, Brigante G. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Evolutionary Paradox: a Genome-Wide Association Studies–Based, in silico, Evolutionary Explanation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):E2412-E2420. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-2703
Ahmadi A, Akbarzadeh M, Mohammadi F, et al. Anthropometric characteristics and dietary pattern of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(4):672-676. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.113759
Rodin DA, Bano G, Bland JM, Taylor K, Nussey SS. Polycystic ovaries and associated metabolic abnormalities in Indian subcontinent Asian women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998;49: 919. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1998.00492.x.
Wild RA. Long term health consequences of PCOS. Hum Reprod Update. 2002;8:231-241. doi: 10.1093/humupd/8.3.231
Maryam SA, Saeed P, Mehranghiz EM, Mohammad AJ, Soudabeh A, Bita S. Lipid profile in relation to anthropometric indices and insulin resistance in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Health Promot Perspect. 2013;3:206-216. doi: 10.5681/hpp.2013.024
Ozcaka O, Ceyhan BO, Akcali A, et al. Is there an interaction between polycystic ovary syndrome and gingival inflammation? J Periodontol. 2012;83:1529-1537. doi: 10.1902/jop.2012.110588
Ozcaka O, Buduneli N, Ceyhan BO, et al. Is IL-17 involved in the interaction between polycystic ovary syndrome and gingival inflammation? J Periodontol. 2013;84:1827-1837. doi: 10.1902/jop.2013.120483
Ding DC, Chen W, Wang JH, et al. Association between polycystic ovarian syndrome and endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(39):e12608. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012608
Schildkraut JM, Schwingl PJ, Bastos E, et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;88:554-559. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(96)00226-8
Liou TH, Yang JH, Hsieh CH, Lee CY, Hsu CS, Hsu MI. Clinical and biochemical presentations of polycystic ovary syndrome among obese and nonobese women. Fertil Steril. 2009;92:1960-1965. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.003
Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Medicine. 2010;8(41):1-10. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-41
Sanchez N. A life course perspective on polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Womens Health. 2014; 6(1):115-122. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S55748
Mandrelle K, Kamath MS, Bondu DJ, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome attending an infertility clinic in a tertiary care hospital in south India. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2012;5(1):26-31. doi: 10.4103/0974-1208.97791.
Sinha U, Sinharay K, Saha S, et al. Thyroid disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome subjects: A tertiary hospital based cross-sectional study from Eastern India. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(2):304-309. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.109714
Khan MJ, Ullah A, Basit SS. Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Current Perspectives. Appl Clin Genet. 2019;12:249-260. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S200341
Kumarapeli V, Seneviratne RA, Wijeyaratne CN, et al. A simple screening approach for assessing community prevalence and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in semiurban population in Srilanka. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(3):321-327. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn137
Nair MK, Pappachan P, Balakrishnan S, et al. Menstrual irregularity and poly cystic ovarian syndrome among adolescent girls: A two-year follow-up study. Indian J Pediatr 2012;79(1):69-73. doi: 10.1007/s12098-011-0432-y
Nidhi R, Padmalatha V, Nagarathna R, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovarian syndrome in Indian adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2011;24(4):223-227. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.03.002
Sunanda B, Nayak S. A Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) among Nursing Students at NUINS. Nitte Univ J of Health Science. 2016;6(3):24- 26.
Azziz R, Marin C, Hoq L, Badamgarav E, Song P. Health care-related economic burden of the polycystic ovary syndrome during the reproductive life span. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005; 90:4650-4658. doi: 10.1210/jc.2005-0628
Gainie MA, Kalra S. Polycystic ovary syndrome A metabolic malady, the mother of all lifestyle disorders in women Can Indian health budget tackle it in future? Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15:239-241. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.85571
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM‐Sponsored PCOS consensus workshop group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod. 2004;19(1):41-47. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deh098
Benezra A, DeStefano J, Gordon JI. Anthropology of Microbes. PNAS. 2012;109(17):6378-6381. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1200515109
Li N, Li Y, Qian C, et al. Dysbiosis of the Saliva Microbiome in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;10:624504. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624504
He F, Li Y. Role of gut microbiota in the development of insulin resistance and the mechanism underlying polycystic ovary syndrome: a review. J Ovarian Res. 2020;13(1):73. doi: 10.1186/s13048-020-00670-3.
Tao D, Schloss PD. Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body. Nature. 2014;509(7500):357-360.
Lindheim L, Bashir M, Munzker CT, et al. The Salivary Microbiome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and its Association with Disease-Related Parameters: A Pilot Study. Front Microbiol. 2016;1270(7): 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01270
Akcalı A, Bostanci N, Özçaka O et al. Association between polycystic ovary syndrome, oral microbiota and systemic antibody responses. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108074. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108074
Dursun E, Akalın FA, Guncu GN, et al. Periodontal disease in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2011;95(1):320-323. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.1052
Porwal S, Tewari S, Sharma RK, et al. Periodontal status and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in polycystic ovary syndrome with and without medical treatment. J Periodontol. 2014; 85(10):1380-1389. doi: 10.1902/jop.2014.130756
Rahiminejad ME, Moaddab A, Zaryoun H, et al. Comparison of prevalence of periodontal disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls. Dent Res J. 2015;12(6):507-512. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.170547
Dey S, Sarkar P, Chatterjee D, Bandyopadhyay AR. Anthropology of Microbes: A Study on Kitchen Micro Flora from West Bengal, India. International Journal of Microbiology and Application. 2018;5(3):46-49.
Kumar PS. Sex and the subgingival microbiome: Do female sex steroids affect periodontal bacteria? Periodontol 2013;61(1):103-124. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00398.x
Sola-Leyva A, Perez-Prietoa I, Molinaa NM, et al. Microbial composition across body sites in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive BioMedicine Online (RBMO). 2023;S1472-6483(23)00199-2. doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2023.03.016
Batra M, Bhatnager R, Kumar A, Suneja P, Dang AS. Interplay between PCOS and microbiome: The road less travelled. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2022;88(2):e13580. doi: 10.1111/aji.13580.
Gu Y, Zhou G, Zhou F, et al. Gut and Vaginal Microbiomes in PCOS: Implications for Women’s Health. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:808508. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.808508
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Our open access policy is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition: this means that articles have free availability on the public Internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from having access to the Internet itself.
All articles are published with free open access under the CC-BY Creative Commons attribution license (the current version is CC-BY, version 4.0). If you submit your paper for publication by the Eur J Clin Exp Med, you agree to have the CC-BY license applied to your work. Under this Open Access license, you, as the author, agree that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. This facilitates freedom in re-use and also ensures that Eur J Clin Exp Med content can be mined without barriers for the research needs.
