Aggressive Masculinity and Environment in the Icelandic Landnám
Abstract
Artykuł ten dowodzi, że warunki środowiskowe, jakich doświadczali pierwsi osadnicy na Islandii, doprowadziły do powstania nowej formy tzw. agresywnej męskości. Założenia tej agresywnej męskości można znaleźć w micie założycielskim landnám w Landnámabók, gdzie Ingólfr i Hjǫrleifr reprezentują dwa kulturowe archetypy mężczyzn, którzy bez powodzenia próbują zdominować środowisko i interakcje społeczne. Rytuał landnám, w którym mężczyzna demonstruje dominację nad swoim królestwem, przedstawia w tej opowieści pełny przejaw agresywnej męskości i ma wpływ na to, czy landnámsmaðr jest postrzegany jako prawowity władca swojej ziemi. Podstawy rytuału są mitologiczne. Ziemia jest postrzegana jako odpowiednik kobiety, a instrumenty, które pomagają landnámsmaðr w przywłaszczeniu sobie kobiecej ziemi, ǫndvegissúlur, to falliczne przedstawienie męskich bogów, takich jak Þórr. Aktem przywłaszczenia ziemi przy pomocy tego instrumentu mężczyzna demonstruje agresywną męskość w otoczeniu społecznym z podtekstem religijnym, odzwierciedlonym w mitologii nordyckiej, domagając się wsparcia opiekunów Islandii, landvættir.
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