Migration and Conceptualization: Love and Family among Turkish Residents in Hungary and Türkiye
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15584/sar.2025.22.12Keywords:
love, family, migration, conceptual categories, cognition, free-listingAbstract
This study examines the conceptual categories of love and family among Turkish residents in Türkiye and Turkish migrants in Hungary in order to explore how migration shapes core cultural concepts. Using a free-listing task with 219 participants, the research identifies both shared cultural foundations and context-specific variations. Contrary to earlier literature that often emphasizes negative or conflictual aspects in Turkish conceptualizations, both groups primarily described love and family in positive terms. Nevertheless, notable differences emerged in the salience of traditional and collectivist elements. These findings indicate that conceptual categories are flexible and responsive to new social and cultural environments, supporting the view of culture as dynamic rather than fixed. The study concludes that migration functions not only as a social and political phenomenon but also as a cognitive process that reorganizes central human concepts.
Downloads
References
Aksan, Y., & Aksan, M. (2012). Chapter 13. Armed with patience, suffering an emotion. In Human Cognitive Processing (pp. 285–308). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.38.21aks
Arık, E., & Tezeller-Arık, B. (2019). Büyük veri ve derlem anlambilim açısından aşk kavramı: Anlam, gönderim ve metafor [The concept of love from the perspective of big data and corpus semantics: Meaning, reference and metaphor]. Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology, 39(1), 151–178. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0011
Bernard, H. Russell. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. AltaMira Press.
Çelik-Abay, Z. E. (2023). Türkçedeki atasözlerinde aile ve aile içi ilişkiler [Family and intrafamilial relations in Turkish proverbs]. Journal of History School, LXII(LXII), 489–511. https://doi.org/10.29228/joh.67706
Fehr, B. (1988). Prototype analysis of the concepts of love and commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(4), 557–579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.557
Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1991). The concept of love viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.425
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., … Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332(6033), 1100–1104. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197754
Gottschall, J., & Nordlund, M. (2006). Romantic love: A literary universal? Philosophy and Literature, 30(2), 450–470. https://doi.org/10.1353/phl.2006.0030
Gündoğdu, A. E. (2019). Eşdizimlilik görünümleri dilde bilişsel yapılanmaya ilişkin ne söyler? Türkçede “aşk, sevgi, sevda” sözcüklerinin derlem temelli incelenmesi [What do collocational patterns reveal about cognitive structuring in language? A corpus-based study of the Turkish words “aşk, sevgi, sevda”]. Öylem Filoloji Dergisi / Journal of Philology, 4(2), 455–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29110/soylemdergi.570360
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
Heshmati, S., Oravecz, Z., Pressman, S., Batchelder, W. H., Muth, C., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2019). What does it mean to feel loved: Cultural consensus and individual differences in felt love. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(1), 214–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517724600
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival. McGraw-Hill.
Jankowiak, W. R., & Fischer, E. F. (1992). A cross-cultural perspective on romantic love. Ethnology, 31(2), 149. https://doi.org/10.2307/3773618
Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959
Kharkhurin, A. (2010). Conceptual freedom of the globalized mind: Multicultural experiences enhance human cognition through the expansion of conceptual categories. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 18(3–4), 66–83.
Koşaner, Ö., & Çimen, B. (2024). Türkçede aile kavramıyla ilgili kavramsal eğretilemeler [Family metaphors in Turkish]. Eğitim Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi / Journal of Education, 4, 1–14. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12607518
Kuchynskyi, O. (2022). Using free-listing technique to develop measures of group consensus: the case of language choice in Ukraine. NaUKMA Research Papers. Sociology, 5, 26–38. https://doi.org/10.18523/2617-9067.2022.5.26-38
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980 ). Metaphors we live by. University of Chicago Press.
Langacker, R. W. (2014). Culture and cognition, lexicon and grammar. In M. Yamaguchi, D. Tay, & B. Blount. (Eds.), Approaches to language, culture, and cognition (pp. 27–49). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137274823_2
Lemmens, M. (2015). Cognitive semantics. In N. Riemer (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of semantics (pp. 90–105). Routledge.
Lu, Y. (2017). Cultural conceptualisations of collective self-representation among Chinese immigrants. In F. Sharifian (Ed.), Advances in cultural linguistics (pp. 89–110). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6_5
Manoharan, C., & de Munck, V. (2017). The conceptual relationship between love, romantic love, and sex. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 11(2), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689815602151
Ozeren, E., Ozmen, O. N. T., & Appolloni, A. (2013). The relationship between cultural tightness-looseness and organizational innovativeness: A comparative research into the Turkish and Italian marble industries. Transition Studies Review, 19(4), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11300-013-0262-x
Palmer, G. B. (1996). Toward a theory of cultural linguistics. University of Texas Press.
Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and knowledge: an essay on the relations between organic regulations and cognitive processes. University of Chicago Press.
Riemer, N. (2015). Word meanings. In J. R. Taylor (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the word (pp. ). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641604.001.0001
Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192–233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.192
Sabloff, P. L. W., Thurner, S., Hanel, R., & Youn, H. (2017). Demographics and democracy: A network analysis of Mongolians’ political cognition. Journal of Anthropological Research, 73(4), 617–646. https://doi.org/10.1086/694431
Saylık, A. (2019). Hofstede’nin kültür boyutları ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması; geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Adaptation of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability study]. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi / International Journal of Turkish Literature, Culture and Education, 8(3), 1860–1881.
Sharifian, F. (2011). Cultural conceptualisations in English words: A study of Aboriginal children in Perth. In F. Sharifian (Ed.), Cultural conceptualisations and language: Theoretical framework and applications (pp. 61–76). John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/clscc.1.11cha
Sharifian, F. (2017). Cultural linguistics: The state of the art. In F. Sharifian (Ed.), Advances in cultural linguistics (pp. 1–28). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4056-6
Shore, B. (1998). Culture in mind: cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. Oxford University Press.
Stausberg, M. (2021). Free-listing. In S. Engler, & M. Stausberg (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion (2nd Edition, p. 643). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003222491
Taşcı, C. (2024). Sosyal problemler sosyolojisi perspektifinden Türkiye'de beyin göçü [Brain drain in Turkey from the perspective of the sociology of social problems]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi [Hacettepe University Journal of Turkic Studies], (41), 187–213.
Taşdemir, N. N., & Naji, A. (2024). FreeListing: Insights into university students’ categorization of drinks, emotions, friendship, and success in Hungary, Jordan, and Türkiye. Alkalmazott Nyelvtudomány, 24(2), 197–220.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.
Wang, C. (2024). Negotiating diasporic identities in global heritage discourses: The case of the Chinese New Year celebration in London. In C. Wang, & T. Lamb (Eds.), Negotiating identities, language and migration in global London (pp. 144–169). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788927772-011
Ward, C. A., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Routledge.
Weigel, D. J. (2008). The Concept of Family. Journal of Family Issues, 29(11), 1426–1447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08318488
Yoldaş, Y., & Becerik-Yoldaş, Ö. (2015). Cultural reflections of value changes in Turkey. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 3(10), 66–72.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Studia Anglica Resoviensia

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.