The discourse of fear: a case study of misinformation in Polish online health-related texts

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15584/slowo.2025.16.16

Keywords:

argumentation, fallacy, manipulation, emotions, discursive strategies

Abstract

This paper examines the discourse of fear in Polish online health-related texts, focusing on misinformation strategies used to shape public perceptions of health and medical procedures. Drawing on critical discourse analysis approach, the study explores how fear is constructed through discursive strategies, such as, argumentation through fallacies and demonstrates how these strategies contribute to the spread of health misinformation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Altheide, D. L. (2002). Children and the discourse of fear. Symbolic Interaction, 25(2),229–250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2002.25.2.229

Altheide, D. L. (2018). Media logic(s) revisited. Palgrave Macmillan.

Bowell, T., Kemp, G. (2014). Critical thinking: a concise guide. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315772035

Blumczynski, P., & Wilson, S. (Eds.). (2022). The languages of COVID-19: Translational and multilingual perspectives on global healthcare. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003267843

Broda, E., & Strömbäck, J. (2024). Misinformation, disinformation, and fake news: lessons from an interdisciplinary, systematic literature review. Annals of the International Communication Association, 48(2), 139–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2024.2323736

Chilton, P. (2004). Analysing political discourse: Theory and practice. London: Routledge DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203561218

Chilton, P. and C. Schäffner (1997). Discourse and politics. In T. A. van Dijk (ed.). Discourse as social interaction. London: Sage. (pp. 206–30).

Copi, I. M., Cohen, C., Rodych, V. (2019). Introduction to logic. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315144016

Corner, A., Hahn, U. (2009). Evaluating Slippery Slope Arguments. Thinking & Reasoning, 15(1), 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016533

Cosmides, L., Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In: M. Lewis, M. J. Haviland-Jones (eds.). Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press. (pp. 91–115).

Culloty, E., Suiter. J. (2021). Disinformation and Manipulation in Digital MediaInformation Pathologies. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003054252

Erku D., A, Belachew S. A, Abrha, S., Sinnollareddy, M., Thomas, J., Steadman, K.J., Tesfaye, W. H. (2021). When fear and misinformation go viral: pharmacists’ role in deterring medication misinformation during the ‘infodemic’ surrounding COVID-19. Res Social Adm Pharm. 17(1), 1954-1963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.032

Fischer, A. (2022). Then again, what is manipulation? A broader view of a much-maligned concept. Philosophical Explorations, 25(2), 170–188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13869795.2022.2042586

Hart, C. (2010). Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science: new perspectives on immigration discourse. Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299009

Głażewska, E., & Karwatowska, M. (2023). Humor w „czasach zarazy”. Wydawnictwo UMCS.

Konieczna, E. (2013). Lexical blending in Polish: A result of the internationalisation of Slavic languages. In: V. Renner, F. Maniez, P. Arnaud (eds.) Cross-disciplinary perspectives on lexical blending. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. (pp. 51-74). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110289572.51

Kulesza, W. (2019) Poles inscribed on the Volkslist and duty to serve in the Wehrmacht in the light of the verdicts of the Special Court in Toruń. Studia Iuridica Toruniensia, 23, 103-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2018.031

Lewiński, M., Oswald, S. (2013). When and how do we deal with straw men? A normative and cognitive pragmatic account. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 164-177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.05.001

Radden, G., & Kövecses, Z. (1999). Towards a theory of metonymy. In: Metonymy in language and thought, K.-U. Panther, G. Radden, (eds.). John Benjamins. (pp. 17–59). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.4.03rad

Rado. L. O. (2024). “If it bleeds it leads”: the visual witnessing trauma phenomenon among journalists in East Africa. Journalism & Mass Communication Educator. 287–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958241242941

Reisigl, M.,Wodak, R. (2009) The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In: .R. Wodak, M., Meyer (eds.) Methods for critical discourse analysis. London: Sage. (pp. 87-121).

Reisigl, M. Wodak, R. (2020). Discourse and Discrimination. Routledge.

Ronneberger-Sibold, E. (2015). 124. Word-formation and brand names. In: P. O. Müller, I. Ohnheiser, S. Olsen, F. Rainer (eds.). Volume 3 word-formation: an international handbook of the languages of Europe. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. (pp. 2192-2210). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110375732-035

Rozin, P., Royzman, E. B. (2001). Negativity bias, negativity dominance, and contagion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(4), 296–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0504_2

Salvi, C., Iannello, P., Cancer, A., McClay, M., Rago, S., Dunsmoor, J.E., Alessandro Antonietti, A. (2021). Going viral: how fear, socio-cognitive polarization and problem-solving influence fake news detection and proliferation during covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Communication. 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2020.562588

Štolhoferová, I., Frynta, D., Janovcová, M., Rudolfová, V., Elmi, H. S. A., Rexová, K. (2023). The bigger the threat, the longer the gaze? A cross-cultural study of Somalis and Czechs. Front. Psychol., 14:1234593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1234593 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1234593

Szymanek, B. (2010). A panorama of Polish word-formation. Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL

Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., Ling, R. (2018). Defining ‘fake news’: a typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143

Tindale, C. W. (2007). Fallacies and argument appraisal. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806544

Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., Woodward, A. (2008). Not all emotions are created equal: the negativity bias in social-emotional development. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 383–403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383

Van der Meer, T.G.L.A. , Y. Jin. 2020. seeking formula for misinformation treatment in public health crises: the effects of corrective information type and source. Health Communication, 35(5), 560-575. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1573295

Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R. (1992). Argumentation, communication, and fallacies: a pragma-dialectical perspective. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R. (2004). A systematic theory of argumentation: the pragma-dialectical approach. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511616389

Ventsel, A., Hansson, S., Madisson, M.-L., & Sazonov, V. (2019). Discourse of fear in strategic narratives: The case of Russia’s Zapad war games. Media, War & Conflict, 14(1), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635219856552

Wodak, R. (2021). The politics of fear: The shameless normalization of far-right discourse (2nd ed.). Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529739664

Cosmides, L. and J. Tooby. 1997. Evolutionary psychology: a primer. Retrieved from http://www.psych.ucsb.edu/research/cep/primer.html. (18.02.2025).

Lundy, M. (2023). TikTok and COVID-19 vaccine misinformation: New avenues for misinformation spread, popular infodemic topics, and dangerous logical fallacies. International Journal of Communication, 17, 24. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19847. (10.10.2025).

Musi, E., Aloumpi, M., Carmi, E., Yates, S., & O’Halloran, K. (2022). Developing fake news immunity: Fallacies as misinformation triggers during the pandemic. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 12(3), e202217. https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12083. (10.10.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/12083

Teneva, E. V. (2023). Digital pseudo-identification in the post-truth era: Exploring logical fallacies in the mainstream media coverage of the COVID-19 vaccines. Social Sciences, 12(8), Article 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080457. (10.10.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12080457

Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A., Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine, 240, 112552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552. (15.03.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112552

https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/12/poland-country-health-profile-2023_80434439/f597c810-en.pdf. (5.02. 2025).

https://ic4ml.org/blogs/if-it-bleeds-it-leads-crime-reporting/#:~:text=In%20news%20broadcasting%2C%20there%20is,stories%20are%20easy%20to%20produce. (28.03.2025).

https://www.rynekzdrowia.pl/E-zdrowie/Juz-40-proc-pacjentow-szuka-porad-medycznych-glownie-w-internecie-Ekspert-o-cyfrowym-znachorstwie,260665,7.html. (03.02.2025).

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/. (05.02. 2025).

WSJP Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego. Retrieved from: https://wsjp.pl/.

Słownik slangu. Retrieved from: https://www.miejski.pl. (20.03.2025).

Downloads

Published

2025-12-29

How to Cite

Konieczna, E. (2025). The discourse of fear: a case study of misinformation in Polish online health-related texts. Słowo. Studia językoznawcze, (16), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.15584/slowo.2025.16.16

Issue

Section

LANGUAGE IN THE MEDIA